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Terrestrial human civilization
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'''Terrestrial human civilization''' refers to the collective social, political, economic, and cultural systems developed by [[Terrestrial humans|''Homo sapiens'' on Earth]], distinct from any hidden or off-book civilizations.{{cn}} ==Overview== Terrestrial human civilization encompasses the network of [[society|societal]] institutions, norms, and innovations that have emerged since the Neolithic revolution. It includes governance structures such as [[representative democracy]], [[constitutional monarchy]], and [[communist state]]; economic systems ranging from subsistence agriculture to globalized [[market economy]]; and cultural expressions in art, literature, and science.{{cn}} ==History== ===Early developments=== The adoption of agriculture around 10,000 BCE in multiple cradles—like the Fertile Crescent, the [[Indus Valley]], and Mesoamerica—led to settled [[agrarian]] communities. These grew into complex chiefdoms and early states during the [[Bronze Age]] (c. 3300–1200 BCE) and the [[Iron Age]] (c. 1200–600 BCE), marked by urbanization, writing, and monumental architecture.{{cn}} ===Classical and postclassical eras=== From the [[Classical antiquity|classical civilizations]] of Greece and Rome to the [[Middle Ages]] in Europe, the [[Tang dynasty]] in China, and the Islamic Golden Age, human societies expanded trade, philosophy, and administrative systems. Innovations like the [[printing press]] and the [[magnetic compass]] set the stage for the [[Age of Discovery]].{{cn}} ===Modern era=== The [[Industrial Revolution]] (18th–19th centuries) introduced mechanization, steam power, and factories, transforming agrarian societies into industrialized economies. The 20th century saw two [[World War|world wars]], decolonization, and the rise of the [[Information Age]], driven by digital computing, telecommunications, and the internet.{{cn}} ==Social and cultural structures== Terrestrial civilizations organize themselves into [[nation-state]]s, federations, and other political entities. Education systems, [[universities]], and [[open-access publishing]] foster knowledge transmission, while [[monarchies]], [[republics]], and [[authoritarianism]] reflect diverse governance models. Cultural pluralism manifests through language families (e.g., [[Indo-European]], [[Sino-Tibetan]]), religions (e.g., [[Christianity]], [[Islam]], [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]]), and artistic traditions.{{cn}} ==Economy and technology== Economies range from [[traditional economy|subsistence farming]] to highly developed service and [[information economy]] sectors. Key technologies include: * [[Electric vehicles]] and [[renewable energy]] systems * [[Smartphones]] and global telecommunications * Advances in [[biotechnology]], such as [[CRISPR gene editing]] * Exploratory [[spaceflight]] and satellite networks{{cn}} ==Environmental impact== Human activity has altered Earth’s [[biosphere]] through deforestation, urbanization, and climate change. Efforts at [[sustainability]]—including international agreements like the [[Paris Agreement]]—seek to mitigate anthropogenic impacts and preserve biodiversity.{{cn}} ==Future prospects== 21st-century challenges include adapting to climate change, managing resource scarcity, and balancing technological growth with ethical considerations like data privacy and [[artificial intelligence|AI]] governance. Concepts such as [[space colonization]] and the [[singularity]] remain subjects of speculation and research.{{cn}} ==See also== * [[Homo sapiens]] * [[Public civilization]] * [[Private terrestrial human civilization]] * [[Civilization]] * [[Culture]] * [[Economy]] * [[History of Earth]] ==References== <references /> <noinclude>[[Category:Civilizations]][[Category:Terrestrial beings]]</noinclude>
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