Editing Reincarnation (section)

===Jainism===
{{Further|Saṃsāra (Jainism)|Karma in Jainism}}
[[File:Seven Jain Hells.jpg|thumb|right|200px|17th-century cloth painting depicting seven levels of [[Naraka (Jainism)|Jain hell]] according to [[Jain cosmology]]. Left panel depicts the demi-god and his animal vehicle presiding over each hell.]]
{{Jainism|collapsed=1}}
In [[Jainism]], the reincarnation doctrine, along with its theories of ''Saṃsāra'' and Karma, are central to its theological foundations, as evidenced by the extensive literature on it in the major sects of Jainism, and their pioneering ideas on these topics from the earliest times of the Jaina tradition.{{Sfn|Jaini|1980|pp=217–236}}<ref name=dundasp14/> Reincarnation in contemporary Jainism traditions is the belief that the worldly life is characterized by continuous rebirths and suffering in various realms of existence.{{Sfn|Jaini|1980|pp=226–228}}<ref name="dundasp14"/><ref name="Sethia2004p31">{{cite book|author=Tara Sethia |title=Ahimsā, Anekānta, and Jainism  |year=2004|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-2036-4|pages=30–31}}</ref>

Karma forms a central and fundamental part of Jain faith, being intricately connected to other of its philosophical concepts like transmigration, reincarnation, liberation, non-violence (''[[Ahimsa in Jainism|ahiṃsā]]'') and non-attachment, among others. Actions are seen to have consequences: some immediate, some delayed, even into future incarnations. So the doctrine of karma is not considered simply in relation to one life-time, but also in relation to both future incarnations and past lives.<ref>Kuhn, Hermann (2001) pp. 226–230</ref> ''[[Uttarâdhyayana Sûtra|Uttarādhyayana Sūtra]]'' 3.3–4 states: "The ''jīva'' or the soul is sometimes born in [[devaloka|the world of gods]], sometimes in [[Naraka (Jainism)|hell]]. Sometimes it acquires the body of a [[asura|demon]]; all this happens on account of its karma. This ''jīva'' sometimes takes birth as a worm, as an insect or as an ant."<ref name=krishan43>Krishan, Yuvraj (1997): p. 43.</ref> The text further states (32.7): "Karma is the root of birth and death. The souls bound by karma go round and round in the cycle of existence."<ref name=krishan43 />

Actions and emotions in the current lifetime affect future incarnations depending on the nature of the particular karma. For example, a good and virtuous life indicates a latent desire to experience good and virtuous themes of life. Therefore, such a person attracts karma that ensures that their future births will allow them to experience and manifest their virtues and good feelings unhindered.<ref>Kuhn, Hermann (2001) pp. 70–71</ref> In this case, they may take birth in heaven or in a prosperous and virtuous human family. On the other hand, a person who has indulged in immoral deeds, or with a cruel disposition, indicates a latent desire to experience cruel themes of life.<ref name=Kuhn64>Kuhn, Hermann (2001) pp. 64–66</ref> As a natural consequence, they will attract karma which will ensure that they are reincarnated in hell, or in lower life forms, to enable their soul to experience the cruel themes of life.<ref name=Kuhn64/>

There is no retribution, judgment or reward involved but a natural consequences of the choices in life made either knowingly or unknowingly. Hence, whatever suffering or pleasure that a soul may be experiencing in its present life is on account of choices that it has made in the past.<ref>Kuhn, Hermann (2001) p. 15</ref> As a result of this doctrine, Jainism attributes supreme importance to pure thinking and moral behavior.<ref>Rankin, Aidan (2006) p. 67</ref>

The Jain texts postulate four ''gatis'', that is states-of-existence or birth-categories, within which the soul transmigrates. The four ''gatis'' are: ''[[Deva (Jainism)|deva]]'' (demigods), ''[[Manusya-gati|manuṣya]]'' (humans), ''[[Naraka (Jainism)|nāraki]]'' (hell beings), and ''tiryañca'' (animals, plants, and microorganisms).<ref name=Jaini108>Jaini, Padmanabh (1998) p. 108</ref> The four ''gatis'' have four corresponding realms or habitation levels in the vertically tiered [[Jain cosmology#Jain geography|Jain universe]]: ''deva'' occupy the higher levels where the heavens are situated; ''manuṣya'' and ''tiryañca'' occupy the middle levels; and ''nāraki'' occupy the lower levels where seven hells are situated.<ref name=Jaini108/>

Single-sensed souls, however, called ''[[nigoda]]'',<ref>The Jain hierarchy of life classifies living beings on the basis of the senses: five-sensed beings like humans and animals are at the top, and single sensed beings like microbes and plants are at the bottom.</ref> and element-bodied souls pervade all tiers of this universe. ''Nigodas'' are souls at the bottom end of the existential hierarchy. They are so tiny and undifferentiated, that they lack even individual bodies, living in colonies. According to Jain texts, this infinity of ''nigodas'' can also be found in plant tissues, root vegetables and animal bodies.<ref>Jaini, Padmanabh (1998) pp. 108–109</ref> Depending on its karma, a soul transmigrates and reincarnates within the scope of this cosmology of destinies. The four main destinies are further divided into sub-categories and still smaller sub-sub-categories. In all, Jain texts speak of a cycle of 8.4 million birth destinies in which souls find themselves again and again as they cycle within ''[[Samsara (Jainism)|samsara]]''.<ref>Jaini, Padmanabh (2000) p. 130</ref>

In Jainism, God has no role to play in an individual's destiny; one's personal destiny is not seen as a consequence of any system of reward or punishment, but rather as a result of its own personal karma. A text from a volume of the ancient Jain canon, ''[[Vyakhyaprajnapti|Bhagvati sūtra]]'' 8.9.9, links specific states of existence to specific karmas. Violent deeds, killing of creatures having five sense organs, eating fish, and so on, lead to rebirth in hell. Deception, fraud and falsehood lead to rebirth in the animal and vegetable world. Kindness, compassion and humble character result in human birth; while austerities and the making and keeping of vows lead to rebirth in heaven.<ref>Krishan, Yuvraj (1997) p. 44</ref>

Each soul is thus responsible for its own predicament, as well as its own salvation. Accumulated karma represent a sum total of all unfulfilled desires, attachments and aspirations of a soul.<ref name=Kuhn28>Kuhn, Hermann (2001) p. 28</ref><ref>Kuhn, Hermann (2001) p. 69</ref> It enables the soul to experience the various themes of the lives that it desires to experience.<ref name=Kuhn28 /> Hence a soul may transmigrate from one life form to another for countless of years, taking with it the karma that it has earned, until it finds conditions that bring about the required fruits. In certain philosophies, heavens and hells are often viewed as places for eternal salvation or eternal damnation for good and bad deeds. But according to Jainism, such places, including the earth are simply the places which allow the soul to experience its unfulfilled karma.<ref>Kuhn, Hermann (2001) pp. 65–66, 70–71</ref>